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A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most, if not all, smartphones also support Wi-Fi.

They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems, which facilitate wider software, internet (including web browsing over mobile broadband), and multimedia functionality (including music, video, cameras, and gaming), alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging. Smartphones typically cost more than feature phones, due in part to their more advanced hardware and increased mobile operating system capabilities, such as a touch screen and camera.

The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.

A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator.[4][5] In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the touch screen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails, access the Internet, and carry out limited word processing and spreadsheet functions.

It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news. In 1996, Nokia launched the very successful Mobira Cityman 900, a digital cellular phone based on the GSM standard.[6] To non-technically oriented consumers, the term "smartphone" has become a generic marketing term denoting any Internet-enabled mobile phone, regardless of its actual technical capabilities.[7 The trend at the time, however, that manufacturers competed on in both mobile phones and PDAs was to make devices smaller and slimmer. The bulk of these devices were gradual improvements on the then-current style of mobile phone, with ever-increasing levels of technical sophistication. From 1996 to 2003, the focus of the mobile industry was largely on this form-factor race. In 2003, Motorola released the Motorola V70, a clamshell phone with an integrated camera.

That year, Nokia introduced the Nokia 7650, notable for having a color screen for the first time in a mass-market phone. These two phones, released four months apart, are widely credited[by whom?] as the first smartphones. In the fourth quarter of 2002, Research In Motion (RIM) introduced the BlackBerry 5810, the first BlackBerry device with an integrated camera. The camera phone form-factor race continued in the following years, with Nokia releasing the Nokia 3600/3650 in 2003, and Motorola releasing the Motorola MPX220 in 2004 (the first camera phone with a color display). In November 2002, Japanese wireless carrier NTT DoCoMo launched the world's first 3G network, which included W-CDMA technology.

In May 2003, 3GPP followed up with the release of the technical specification for UMTS, which is now the standard for 3G networks worldwide.

In 2003 and 2004, a number of VoIP and WiFi enabled phones were released, such as the Sony Ericsson SIP-based A1228d/J220i, the Nokia 6620, the PalmOne Treo 650 and Motorola MPX220. These phones marked the beginning of the smartphone era, as they started to include more and more features that were previously only available on PDAs and laptops. In 2005, the fourth-generation (4G) mobile phone standard was released, known as LTE. LTE is a packet-based technology like 3G, but uses an all-IP network architecture. The first LTE network was launched in Oslo, Norway in 2009 by Telenor.

In June 2010, the fifth-generation (5G) mobile phone standard was released, known as LTE Advanced. LTE Advanced is a packet-based technology like LTE, but uses an enhanced all-IP network architecture. The first LTE Advanced network was launched in Seoul, South Korea in 2013 by SK Telecom.

In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first true smartphones. The iPhone was notable for its use of a multi-touch interface, which allowed the user to control the phone by touching the screen instead of using a physical keyboard. The iPhone was also notable for its use of apps, which are small software programs that can be downloaded from the App Store.

In 2009, Google introduced the Android operating system, which was designed specifically for smartphones. Android is a Linux-based operating system that is open source, which means that anyone can develop apps for it. Android is now the most popular smartphone operating system in the world. In 2011, Microsoft introduced the Windows Phone operating system, which was designed specifically for smartphones. Windows Phone is a proprietary operating system that is closed source, which means that only Microsoft can develop apps for it.

In 2013, BlackBerry introduced the BlackBerry 10 operating system, which was designed specifically for smartphones. BlackBerry 10 is a proprietary operating system that is closed source, which means that only BlackBerry can develop apps for it.

In 2014, Amazon introduced the Fire Phone, which was designed specifically for smartphones. Fire OS is a forked version of Android that is open source, which means that anyone can develop apps for it.

In 2015, Apple introduced the iPhone 6s, which was the first smartphone with 3D Touch. 3D Touch is a pressure-sensitive touchscreen technology that allows the user to interact with the phone in three dimensions.

In 2016, Google introduced the Pixel, which was the first smartphone with Google Assistant. Google Assistant is a voice-activated artificial intelligence assistant that can perform tasks, such as setting alarms and sending text messages, on behalf of the user.

In 2017, Apple introduced the iPhone 8, which was the first smartphone with wireless charging. Wireless charging is a technology that allows the user to charge the phone by placing it on a special charging pad, instead of using a cable. In 2018, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S9, which was the first smartphone with a variable aperture camera.

A variable aperture camera is a camera that can change the size of the aperture, or the opening in the lens, to let more or less light into the camera. In 2019, Huawei introduced the Mate X, which was the first smartphone with a foldable display.

A foldable display is a display that can be folded in half, like a piece of paper. As of 2020, the most popular smartphone operating system is Android, followed by iOS, Windows Phone, and BlackBerry.